References, Corrections, and Updates

Below the initial Corrections and Updates section you will find all References to specific textbook pages in which PM&R Recap LLC acknowledges the original scientific contribution of the idea(s) contained on the slide/page.

Please individually correlate all textbook page references with their corresponding video segment.

Corrections and updates will be reflected in future textbook editions, and video segments as they are updated periodically. Until then, please find the posted Corrections and Updates useful.

Corrections and Updates:

All of the following textbook modifications are only pertinent to the 1st edition of this textbook, published prior to July 1, 2021. Future editions of the textbook already reflect these changes.

1. Page 33: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). There is a typo in the eye opening scale. The eye opening scale should read “1-4”, not “0-4”.

2. Pages 38 and 41: Epidemiology of SCI changes over time. As a correction to page 38 and page 41’s (in 1st edition textbooks) corresponding written and video segments, the proper descending order of frequency of SCIs is as follows: incomplete tetraplegia, incomplete paraplegia = complete paraplegia, complete tetraplegia. Please note that the most recent trends (see source below) indicate that incomplete paraplegia and complete paraplegia occur at nearly identical rates. Source: National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2021.

3. Page 51: The prevalence of osteoporosis is increased in patients with SCI in bones below the level of injury, particularly in the femur, which is one reason why femur fractures often occur in these patients. Femur fractures in SCI patients are managed either surgically with fixation or conservatively with splinting/padded casting, depending on the degree of osteoporosis and other patient factors as decided by the orthopedic surgeon. However, due to the higher rates of osteoporosis in these patients, conservative management is often preferred, using a padded cast.

4. Page 99: Meniscal tear treatment: Please excuse the error of the final bullet point. There is a typo that says “surgical repair is indicated for injuries to the inner 1/3 of the meniscus.” This should instead correctly say “surgical repair is indicated for injuries to the outer 1/3 of the meniscus". The outer 1/3 of the meniscus has good blood supply; thus, surgical repair (not resection) is appropriate for the outer 1/3 of the meniscus. The video segment is correct and does not have this typo. My apologies for this! It will be corrected in the next textbook edition.

5. Page 120: Vertebral body compression fractures: Please amend the guidelines for surgery. Surgery is indicated in cases of severe, intractable pain, unstable spine, vertebral body height loss greater than 50%, or in the setting of neurologic compromise. Sources:

   Widespread agreement among spine surgical community.

   Alexandru, Daniela, and William So. "Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures." The Permanente Journal 16.4 (2012): 46.

   University of Maryland Medical Center: https://www.umms.org/ummc/health-services/orthopedics/services/spine/patient-guides/lumbar-compression-fractures.

6. Page 131: Criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis are available for your complete review; I don't believe this is important for physiatrists to know, but I leave this for your reference. Source: Kay, Jonathan, and Katherine S. Upchurch. "ACR/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria." Rheumatology 51.suppl_6 (2012): vi5-vi9.

7. Page 181: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) update: Zolgensma (onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi) was FDA-approved on 5/24/2019 as gene therapy for patients under 2 years age with SMA.  This medication is given once intravenously, and is intended to replace the mutated SMN1 gene in these patients, creating functional SMN protein and improving motor function while preventing disability progression. This content has been added to the Question Bank.

8. Page 201’s corresponding video segment in Chapter 20 (Pediatric Rehab): Please excuse the Cobb angle lines being drawn onto the incorrect side of the spine. The Cobb angle lines that you draw from the most tilted superior endplate and the most tilted inferior endplate should be drawn into the side of the concavity, NOT away from it as is shown in the video. The same Cobb angle rules then apply that are discussed in the video. Dr. D'Angelo gets so excited sometimes that he can't help but to draw on the wrong side of the page.

9. Page 202 and corresponding video segment in Chapter 20 (Pediatric Rehab): Regarding wheelchair usage and worsening scoliosis, one minor clarification should be made: It is not necessarily the wheelchair itself that worsens scoliosis on neuromuscular disease patients, but rather, neuromuscular disease that worsens, thus worsening their scoliosis and necessitating that the patient uses a wheelchair. Most importantly I want you to remember the correlation between the two factors, and not necessarily which causes which.

10. Page 204: Hursite should be correctly spelled hirsute.

11. Page 211: Pirigoff should be correctly spelled Pirogoff.

12. Video segment of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) lecture, timestamp 7:28: Please excuse that Dr. D’Angelo accidentally circles and highlights the posterior 2/3 of the spinal cord, when he intended to highlight the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord.

13. In the Interventional PM&R chapter, please note that greater occipital nerve blocks and trigger finger injections have been removed. In reviewing this section, I do not believe these injections are important to know for the board exam.

All of the following Corrections and Updates pertain to both the 1st and 2nd editions of the book:

1. Page 4: Heat. Conversion may also include ultrasound (converting sound waves into deep tissue heat).

2. Page 43: Spinal cord injury (SCI) classification. The 2019 ASIA / ISNCSCI classification update now allows for zones of partial preservation (ZPPs) in incomplete injuries as well as ASIA A (complete) injuries. Prior to this update, ZPPs were only allowed to be noted in ASIA A (complete) injuries. Now, ZPPs can be described in cases of incomplete SCI. For example, in a patient with no voluntary anal contraction (VAC), but preserved sensation in the S4-S5 segments and preserved deep anal pressure (DAP), if there is preserved motor function cephalad, this may be recorded as a motor ZPP. Another example: in a patient with no DAP and absent sensation in the S4-S5 segments, if there is some sensory preservation in more cephalad spinal segment(s), these can be recorded as ZPPs. Motor or sensory ZPPs in this fashion cannot be recorded if there is indeed VAC or DAP/S4-S5 sensory preservation, respectively. Remember, a ZPP in these cases refers to a dermatome or myotome caudal to the sensory or motor level (respectively) that remains partially innervated.

3. Page 106: Calcaneus fracture: Clarification: Calcaneus fractures are indeed the most common tarsal fracture, but the most common foot fractures overall are located in the forefoot.

   Rasmussen, Christian G., et al. "Population-based incidence and epidemiology of 5912 foot fractures." Foot and ankle surgery 27.2 (2021): 181-185.

4. Page 133: Septic arthritis. Clarification: septic arthritis is most commonly caused by staphylococcus aureus. However, in young, sexually active patients, the best choice is neisseria gonorrhea.

Horowitz, Diane Lewis, et al. "Approach to septic arthritis." American family physician 84.6 (2011): 653-660.

5. Page 147: Decreased recruitment: Polyphasicity is defined as 5 or more phases. A phase is defined as the number of baseline crossings + 1. Thus, the sentence should read “crosses the baseline 4 or more times” (which would equate to 5 or more phases = polyphasicity).

6. Page 166: Riche-Cannieu Anastomosis (RCA): There can be debate and anatomic variation on whether fibers cross from median to ulnar nerve, or ulnar to median nerve. Additionally, the all-ulnar-innervated hand is very rare but serves as an enlightening example of the RCA; partial RCAs exist.

Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders e-book: clinical-electrophysiologic correlations (Expert Consult-Online). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

6. Page 231: Gaba type A receptors: correction: these are actually located postsynaptically to increase chloride ion conductance into the cell, thereby inhibiting synaptic transmission and excitability.

References (updated to reflect page numbers of most recent textbook edition, published 6/5/2023):

The vast and overwhelming majority of the information contained within this website's videos, published textbook, and question bank (Qbank) was produced strictly and solely from Dr. D'Angelo's own clinical knowledge and experience. Any similarities to other published material may be the result of discussing identical topics with identical facts and statistics. Please see below for all listed exceptions to this rule.

Education and reference for musculoskeletal physical examination tests can be attributed to: Malanga, Gerard A., and Kenneth Mautner. Musculoskeletal Physical Examination E-Book: An Evidence-Based Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2016.

Innervations were drawn from Dr. D'Angelo's clinical experience. In residency, however, his most commonly consulted source to learn peripheral innervations was: Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations (Expert Consult-Online and Print). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

Page 3: American College of Sports Medicine exercise recommendations: https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/pdf/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf via American College of Sports Medicine official website: https://www.acsm.org/read-research/newsroom/news-releases/news-detail/2018/11/12/updated-physical-activity-guidelines-now-available.

Page 5: The numbers discussed in the section discussing ultrasound, short wave diathermy, and microwave diathermy are credited to the following source: Cuccurullo, Sara J. Physical medicine and rehabilitation board review - 3rd edition. Springer Publishing Company, 2014.

Page 13: Stroke statistics: Tsao, Connie W., et al. "Heart disease and stroke statistics—2022 update: a report from the American Heart Association." Circulation 145.8 (2022): e153-e639

Pages 13-14: Hunt and Hess scale: Hunt, William E., and Robert M. Hess. "Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms." Journal of neurosurgery 28.1 (1968): 14-20.

Page 14: Putamen ICH: http://casemed.case.edu/clerkships/neurology/NeurLrngObjectives/ICH.htm

Delcourt, Candice, et al. "Intracerebral hemorrhage location and outcome among INTERACT2 participants." Neurology88.15 (2017): 1408-1414.

Page 15: Edoxaban usage in stroke prevention: Giugliano, Robert P., et al. "Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation." New England Journal of Medicine 369.22 (2013): 2093-2104.

Page 16: Brainstem rules of 4: Brain stem rules of 4 creation and description credited to: Gates P. The rule of 4 of the brainstem: a simplified method for understanding brainstem anatomy and brainstem vascular syndromes for the non-neurologist. Internal Medicine Journal 2005; 35: 263-266.

Page 16: CEA indications: Rerkasem, Amaraporn, et al. "Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9 (2020).

Page 16: Most stroke recovery in 3-6 months: Jørgensen, Henrik Stig, et al. "Stroke: neurologic and functional recovery the Copenhagen Stroke Study." Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 10.4 (1999): 887-906.

Page 20: Bobath technique discussion: Sue Raine, Linzi Meadows, Mary Lynch-Ellerington. The Bobath Concept: Theory and clinical practice in neurological rehabilitation. Wiley-Blackwell 2009.

Page 20: Brunnstrom technique discussion: Brunnstrom, Signe. "Movement therapy in hemiplegia." A neurophysiological approach (1970): 113-122. Brunnstrom, Signe. "Motor testing procedures in hemiplegia: based on sequential recovery stages." Physical therapy 46.4 (1966): 357-375.

Page 21: Rood approach discussion: Rood, M. S. Neurophysiological reactions as a basis for physical therapy. Physical Therapy Review. 1954;34:444-449

Page 21: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation facts: https://www.functionalmovement.com/articles/127/proprioceptive_neuromuscular_facilitation_the_foundation_of_functional_training

Page 21: Constraint-induced movement therapy criteria, origination, protocol, facts credited to:

Wolf, Steven L., et al. "Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial." Jama 296.17 (2006): 2095-2104.

Taub E, Uswatte G. Constraint-induced movement therapy: answers and questions after two decades of research. NeuroRehabilitation 2006; 21(2): 93-95.

Page 22: Dysphagia diets: The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative 2019 @ https://iddsi.org/framework.

Page 28: Friedreich Ataxia information: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/patient-caregiver-education/fact-sheets/friedreichs-ataxia-fact-sheet.

Page 29: TBI epidemiology, statistics: https://www.braintrauma.org/faq; https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/get_the_facts.html

Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Data and Statistical Center, 2021 Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. 

James, Spencer L., et al. "Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." The Lancet Neurology 18.1 (2019): 56-87.

Ilie, Gabriela, et al. "Prevalence and correlates of traumatic brain injuries among adolescents." Jama 309.24 (2013): 2550-2552.
Araki, Takashi, Hiroyuki Yokota, and Akio Morita. "Pediatric traumatic brain injury: characteristic features, diagnosis, and management." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 57.2 (2017): 82-93.

Page 30: cerebral contusion facts: Shepherd, S. "Head trauma." E-medicine. com (2004).

Page 30: Diffuse axonal injury grading credited to: Lees-Haley, Paul R., et al. "The lesion (s) in traumatic brain injury: implications for clinical neuropsychology." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 18.6 (2003): 585-594.

Gentry LR. Imaging of closed head injury. (1994) Radiology. 191 (1): 1-17.

Page 32: Cranial nerve injury discussion: Coello, Alejandro Fernández, et al. "Cranial nerve injury after minor head trauma." Journal of neurosurgery 113.3 (2010): 547-555.

Page 32: Brain tumor epidemiology: Ostrom, Quinn T., et al. "CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015–2019." Neuro-oncology24.Supplement_5 (2022): v1-v95.

Page 33: Disorders of consciousness: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/disorders-of-consciousness/

Page 34: Glasgow coma scale (GCS) credited to: Teasdale, Graham, and Bryan Jennett. "Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale." The Lancet 304.7872 (1974): 81-84.

Page 34: Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: Levin, Harvey S., Vincent M. O'Donnell, and Robert G. Grossman. "The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1979).

Page 35: Rancho los amigos scale credited to: Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center. The Rancho Levels of Cognitive Functioning. Downey, CA.

Page 36: Dysautonomia: Thomas, Alphonsa, and Brian D. Greenwald. "Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and clinical considerations for patients with acquired brain injuries: a narrative review." American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 98.1 (2019): 65-72.

Page 36: Risk factors for posttraumatic epilepsy: Xu, Tao, et al. "Risk factors for posttraumatic epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Epilepsy & Behavior 67 (2017): 1-6.

Page 36: Agitated behavior scale: Corrigan, John D. "Development of a scale for assessment of agitation following traumatic brain injury." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 11.2 (1989): 261-277.

Page 38: Concussion and Postconcussive Syndrome discussion:

American Academy of Neurology. "Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee." Neurology 48 (1997): 581-585.

Kelly, James P., and Jay H. Rosenberg. "Diagnosis and management of concussion in sports." Neurology 48.3 (1997): 575-580.

Cantu, Robert C. "Posttraumatic retrograde and anterograde amnesia: pathophysiology and implications in grading and safe return to play." Journal of athletic training 36.3 (2001): 244.

Triebel, K. L., et al. "Treatment consent capacity in patients with traumatic brain injury across a range of injury severity." Neurology 78.19 (2012): 1472-1478.

Rabinowitz, Amanda R., and Harvey S. Levin. "Cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury." Psychiatric Clinics 37.1 (2014): 1-11.

Bazarian, Jeffrey J., et al. "Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population." Brain injury 13.3 (1999): 173-189.
Binder, Laurence M. "Persisting symptoms after mild head injury: A review of the postconcussive syndrome." Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 8.4 (1986): 323-346.

Page 38: Return to play protocol credited to:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/providers/return_to_activities.html. Web page last reviewed by web page author 11/02/2018.

McCrory, Paul, et al. "Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016." British journal of sports medicine 51.11 (2017): 838-847.

Page 40: SCI demographics and statistics credited to: National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2023.

Page 43: ASIA exam credited to the American Spinal Injury Association.

Page 47: Spinal shock discussion credited to: Atkinson, Patty Pate, and John LD Atkinson. "Spinal shock." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Vol. 71. No. 4. Elsevier, 1996.

Page 49: NPUAP pressure injury stages definition credited to:

"Revised National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel pressure injury staging system: revised pressure injury staging system." Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 43.6 (2016): 585.

Page 53: Fertility following spinal cord injury:

DeForge, D., et al. "Fertility following spinal cord injury: a systematic review." Spinal cord 43.12 (2005): 693.

Benevento, Barbara T., and Marca L. Sipski. "Neurogenic bladder, neurogenic bowel, and sexual dysfunction in people with spinal cord injury." Physical therapy 82.6 (2002): 601-612.

Alexander, Marcalee Sipski, et al. "Sexual concerns after Spinal Cord Injury: An update on management." NeuroRehabilitation 41.2 (2017): 343-357.
Westgren, N., et al. "Pregnancy and delivery in women with a traumatic spinal cord injury in Sweden, 1980–1991." Obstetrics & Gynecology 81.6 (1993): 926-930.

Page 53: Urinary tract infections in SCI: Skelton, Felicia, et al.

"Routine urine testing at the spinal cord injury annual evaluation leads to unnecessary antibiotic use: a pilot study and future directions." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 99.2 (2018): 219-225.

Leoni, ME Garcia, and A. Esclarin De Ruz. "Management of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries." Clinical microbiology and infection 9.8 (2003): 780-785.
Skelton, Felicia, et al. "Routine urine testing at the spinal cord injury annual evaluation leads to unnecessary antibiotic use: a pilot study and future directions." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 99.2 (2018): 219-225.

Page 54: Osteoporosis and Fractures in SCI: Shojaei, Hadi, Mohammad Reza Soroush, and Ehsan Modirian. "Spinal cord injury–induced osteoporosis in veterans." Clinical Spine Surgery 19.2 (2006): 114-117.

Reiter, Andreas Ludwig, et al. "Changes of basic bone turnover parameters in short-term and long-term patients with spinal cord injury." European Spine Journal 16.6 (2007): 771-776.

Ragnarsson, K. T., and G. Heiner Sell. "Lower extremity fractures after spinal cord injury: a retrospective study." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 62.9 (1981): 418-423.

Freehafer, Alvin A. "Limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 76.9 (1995): 823-827.

Page 56: Causes of death in SCI: National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2023.

Savic, G., et al. "Causes of death after traumatic spinal cord injury—a 70-year British study." Spinal cord 55.10 (2017): 891-897.

Page 56: Neuropathic pain medications: Cavalli, Eugenio, et al. "The neuropathic pain: An overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches." International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology33 (2019): 2058738419838383.

Page 56: Suicide in SCI: Kennedy, P., and L. Garmon-Jones. "Self-harm and suicide before and after spinal cord injury: a systematic review." Spinal Cord 55.1 (2017): 2-7.

Page 57: Modified Ashworth Scale: Harb, Andrew, and Stephen Kishner. "Modified ashworth scale." StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2021.

Page 61: Multiple sclerosis:

Thompson, Alan J., et al. "Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria." The Lancet Neurology 17.2 (2018): 162-173.

Cortese, I., et al. "Evidence-based guideline update: plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology." Neurology 76.3 (2011): 294-300.

Langer-Gould, Annette, et al. "Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review." Archives of neurology 63.12 (2006): 1686-1691.

van der Mei, Ingrid AF, et al. "Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study." Bmj 327.7410 (2003): 316.

Page 66: AC joint separations: Warth, Ryan J., et al. "Acromioclavicular joint separations." Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine 6.1 (2013): 71-78.

Page 67: Epidemiology of clavicle fractures: Postacchini, Franco, et al. "Epidemiology of clavicle fractures." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 11.5 (2002): 452-456.

Page 67: Proximal humerus fracture classification system: Carofino, Bradley C., and Seth S. Leopold. "Classifications in brief: the Neer classification for proximal humerus fractures." (2013): 39-43.

Page 68: TUBS and AMBRI classification system credited to: Thomas SC, Matsen FA. An approach to the repair of avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments in the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:506–513.

Page 76: Nursemaid elbow:

Nardi, Naomi M., and Timothy J. Schaefer. "Nursemaid elbow." StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2021.

Genadry, Katia C., et al. "Management and outcomes of children with Nursemaid’s elbow." Annals of Emergency Medicine 77.2 (2021): 154-162.
Macias CG, Wiebe R, Bothner J “History and radiographic findings associated with clinically suspected radial head subluxations.” Pediatric Emergency Care. 2000;16(1):22.

Page 77: Extensor carpi radialis brevis involvement in tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis: Cyriax, James Henry. "The pathology and treatment of tennis elbow." JBJS 18.4 (1936): 921-940.

Page 81: Scaphoid fracture epidemiology: Duckworth, Andrew D., et al. "Scaphoid fracture epidemiology." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 72.2 (2012): E41-E45. Garala, K., N. A. Taub, and J. J. Dias. "The epidemiology of fractures of the scaphoid: impact of age, gender, deprivation and seasonality." The bone & joint journal 98.5 (2016): 654-659.

Page 90: Garden classification system: Kazley, Jillian M., et al. "Classifications in Brief: Garden classification of femoral neck fractures." Clinical orthopaedics and related research 476.2 (2018): 441.

Page 91: Slipped capital femoral epiphysis grading: Millis, M. B. "SCFE: clinical aspects, diagnosis, and classification." Journal of children's orthopaedics 11.2 (2017): 93-98.

Page 122: Vertebral body compression fractures: Widespread agreement among spine surgical community.

Alexandru, Daniela, and William So. "Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures." The Permanente Journal 16.4 (2012): 46.

University of Maryland Medical Center: https://www.umms.org/ummc/health-services/orthopedics/services/spine/patient-guides/lumbar-compression-fractures.

Page 122: 3-column model of spinal instability credited to: Denis F. Spinal Instability as Defined by the Three-column spine concept in acute spinal trauma. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 1984;189: 65-76.

Page 123: Degenerative cascade description of spine: Kirkaldy-Willis, W. H., et al. "Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis." Spine 3.4 (1978): 319-328.

Page 124: Spondylolisthesis grading: Ganju, Aruna. "Isthmic spondylolisthesis." Neurosurgical focus 13.1 (2002): 1-6.

Page 126: Herniated disc nomenclature and classification. For the sake of our discussion in the textbook and videos, prolapsed disc may be referred to as a disc protrusion. Nomenclature and classification attributed to: L. G. F. Giles, K. P. Singer. The Clinical Anatomy and Management of Back Pain. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.

Page 132: potassium sensitivity test and interstitial cystitis information: Parsons, C. L. "Potassium sensitivity test." Techniques in urology 2.3 (1996): 171-173.

Hanno, Philip M., et al. "Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment." The Journal of urology 193.5 (2015): 1545-1553.

Page 133: Rheumatoid arthritis: Kay, Jonathan, and Katherine S. Upchurch. "ACR/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria." Rheumatology 51.suppl_6 (2012): vi5-vi9.

Page 133: synovial fluid analysis within RA section: McGillicuddy DC, Shah KH, Friedberg RP, et al. How sensitive is the synovial fluid white blood cell count in diagnosing septic arthritis? Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25:749. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Margaretten ME, Kohlwes J, Moore D, Bent S. Does this adult patient have septic arthritis? JAMA 2007; 297:1478. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Shmerling RH, Delbanco TL, Tosteson AN, Trentham DE. Synovial fluid tests. What should be ordered? JAMA 1990; 264:1009. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Page 134: Systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis discussion: Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25:1271. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (letter). Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:1725. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64:2677. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Page 135: gout and pseudogout synovial fluid analysis: Lumbreras B, Pascual E, Frasquet J, et al. Analysis for crystals in synovial fluid: training of the analysts results in high consistency. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:612. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Swan A, Amer H, Dieppe P. The value of synovial fluid assays in the diagnosis of joint disease: a literature survey. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:493. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Ivorra J, Rosas J, Pascual E. Most calcium pyrophosphate crystals appear as non-birefringent. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58:582. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Page 135: Septic arthritis. Horowitz, Diane Lewis, et al. "Approach to septic arthritis." American family physician 84.6 (2011): 653-660.

Page 144: Standard NCS filter settings: Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations (Expert Consult-Online and Print). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

Page 144: Effects of age on NCS: Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations (Expert Consult-Online and Print). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

All EMG/NCS discussions on lead placement and stimulation location and settings: Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations (Expert Consult-Online and Print). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

Page 151: Conduction block definition adapted from Dr. Dumitru's definition: Dumitru, Daniel. Electrodiagnostic medicine. Eds. Anthony A. Amato, and Machiel J. Zwarts. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, 2002.

Page 152: Seddon nerve injury classification: Seddon, H. J. "A classification of nerve injuries." British medical journal 2.4260 (1942): 237.

Page 159: Ulnar neuropathy at the wrist subtypes: Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations (Expert Consult-Online and Print). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

Page 168: Riche-Cannieu Anastomosis: Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders e-book: clinical-electrophysiologic correlations (Expert Consult-Online). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

Page 173: Discussion on lumbosacral plexus anatomy: Stewart JD. Focal peripheral neuropathies, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2000. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Page 177: Peripheral polyneuropathy etiologies: Seward MD. Overview of polyneuropathy. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Page 179: Charcot-Marie-Tooth etiologies: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: Genetics, clinical features, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com.

Page 180: HIV neuropathy EDX characteristics. Ferrari S, Vento S, Monaco S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated peripheral neuropathies. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:213.

Page 182: Repetitive nerve stimulation rates: Preston, David C., and Barbara E. Shapiro. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations (Expert Consult-Online and Print). Location 2485 of 28229. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012.

Page 187: Determinants of gait credited to: Inman, Verne T., and Howard D. Eberhart. "The major determinants in normal and pathological gait." JBJS 35.3 (1953): 543-558.

Page 189: Borg perceived exertion scale: Borg, Gunnar. Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Human kinetics, 1998.

Page 189: Cardiac rehabilitation phases/stages: Piotrowicz, Ryszard, and Jadwiga Wolszakiewicz. "Cardiac rehabilitation following myocardial infarction." Cardiology journal 15.5 (2008): 481-487.

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